Abstract: To meet the requirements of green, intelligent, and high-quality development in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become one of the most critical lightweight structural materials due to their high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior designability. However, the large-scale and standardized application of marine FRP composites is restricted by several key challenges, including the lack of unified performance standards, incomplete risk control and verification systems, insufficient long-term durability evaluation, and immature full-life-cycle management mechanisms. This study aims to propose a systematic engineering implementation framework for marine FRP applications throughout the full life cycle. First, the development status of marine FRP composites and the latest progress of specifications and guidelines issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and leading classification societies (DNV, BV, CCS) are comprehensively reviewed and compared. Second, the core constraints restricting FRP popularization are analyzed from the perspectives of material performance, industry standardization, risk identification, and engineering validation. Then, focusing on green application, material inventory management, recyclable design, and intelligent maintenance, innovative requirements for full-life-cycle maintenance systems are put forward. Finally, by integrating risk control theory, digital technology, and artificial intelligence, a systematic engineering implementation path covering design assessment, collaborative simulation, manufacturing inspection, and full-life-cycle operation and maintenance is constructed. Results show that FRP composites present remarkable advantages in structural lightweight, energy conservation, and corrosion protection, while the unified performance standard system, long-term performance degradation mechanism, and full-life-cycle verification system still need to be improved. The proposed framework supports safe, green, and intelligent application of FRP in ships and provides a technical basis for standardized promotion. Future research should focus on multi-fidelity modeling, multi-objective collaborative optimization, recyclable material development, and digital twin-based intelligent maintenance to further enhance the engineering practicality and robustness of marine FRP application technologies.