Objective This research focuses on the energy characteristics of false targets generated by time-modulated adaptive jamming technology, aiming to investigate the significant variations in these characteristics caused by different modulation schemes and parameter settings. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modulation parameters influence the energy distribution of false targets, thereby offering practical insights for electronic warfare applications.

Method First, theoretical interference models were established for different modulation schemes against linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse radar. These models elucidate the mapping relationship between modulation timing and the amplitude of false targets. Second, a Ku-band jamming system was designed and built to experimentally validate the theoretical findings. The system incorporates 1-bit modulation and control modules to generate time-modulated signals. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the energy characteristics of false targets under various duty cycles and modulation schemes. Additionally, experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment to compare the performance of various modulation modules and to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.

Results The results demonstrate that 1-bit modulation effectively conceals the target’s energy at the fundamental frequency, making it difficult for radar systems to detect the true target. Under a fixed modulation scheme, it was observed that decreasing the duty cycle of the modulation signal reduces the amplitude difference between each harmonic and the fundamental frequency. When the harmonics approach the fundamental frequency in amplitude, the radar's ability to distinguish between true and false targets is significantly compromised. This finding highlights the importance of optimizing the duty cycle to enhance the effectiveness of time-modulated adaptive jamming. The experimental results closely matched the numerical simulations, validating both the theoretical models and the effectiveness of the proposed jamming system.

Conclusion By employing 1-bit modulation and carefully adjusting the duty cycle of the modulation signal, it is possible to effectively shape the energy profile of the real target, thus improving the jamming effectiveness against modern radar systems. This research provides both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the energy characteristics of false targets, and offers practical guidance for the development and implementation of time-modulated adaptive jamming systems. Future work may focus on extending this study to multi-target jamming scenarios, and on incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms to optimize jamming strategies in real time, as well as exploring countermeasures against emerging radar technologies.